Windows Analysis Report
AutoInstall.exe

Overview

General Information

Sample Name: AutoInstall.exe
Analysis ID: 593200
MD5: 7700a0d1b07e63f054a730fbf9156ef0
SHA1: 6995f2e5f4544b3e99489364bccc56084198c61d
SHA256: 99b4df04fc5236a12bcf96a4c6ec797b2555189915050d7a0a1704f4f69ab770
Tags: exe
Infos:

Detection

Score: 76
Range: 0 - 100
Whitelisted: false
Confidence: 100%

Signatures

Multi AV Scanner detection for submitted file
Queries sensitive video device information (via WMI, Win32_VideoController, often done to detect virtual machines)
Writes to foreign memory regions
Allocates memory in foreign processes
May check the online IP address of the machine
PE file contains section with special chars
.NET source code contains potential unpacker
Injects a PE file into a foreign processes
Creates a DirectInput object (often for capturing keystrokes)
Uses 32bit PE files
Queries the volume information (name, serial number etc) of a device
Sigma detected: Suspicious DNS Query for IP Lookup Service APIs
Sample file is different than original file name gathered from version info
Uses code obfuscation techniques (call, push, ret)
PE file contains sections with non-standard names
Detected potential crypto function
PE / OLE file has an invalid certificate
Queries sensitive processor information (via WMI, Win32_Processor, often done to detect virtual machines)
Monitors certain registry keys / values for changes (often done to protect autostart functionality)
HTTP GET or POST without a user agent
Creates a process in suspended mode (likely to inject code)
IP address seen in connection with other malware
Enables debug privileges

Classification

AV Detection

barindex
Source: AutoInstall.exe Virustotal: Detection: 36% Perma Link
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: 32BIT_MACHINE, EXECUTABLE_IMAGE, RELOCS_STRIPPED
Source: Binary string: C:\projects\dotnetzip-semverd\src\Zip\obj\Release\DotNetZip.pdb source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000002.372821359.000000000010E000.00000004.00000010.00020000.00000000.sdmp, AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000003.372170576.00000000024B2000.00000040.00001000.00020000.00000000.sdmp, AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.640288132.0000000000402000.00000020.00000400.00020000.00000000.sdmp

Networking

barindex
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe DNS query: name: ip-api.com
Source: global traffic HTTP traffic detected: GET /line/?fields=hosting HTTP/1.1Host: ip-api.comConnection: Keep-Alive
Source: Joe Sandbox View IP Address: 208.95.112.1 208.95.112.1
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://aia.entrust.net/ts1-chain256.cer01
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertAssuredIDRootCA.crt0
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertSHA2AssuredIDCodeSigningCA.crt0
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://crl.entrust.net/2048ca.crl0
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://crl.entrust.net/ts1ca.crl0
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://crl3.digicert.com/DigiCertAssuredIDRootCA.crl0O
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://crl3.digicert.com/sha2-assured-cs-g1.crl05
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://crl4.digicert.com/DigiCertAssuredIDRootCA.crl0:
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://crl4.digicert.com/sha2-assured-cs-g1.crl0K
Source: AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.641034119.0000000007116000.00000004.00000800.00020000.00000000.sdmp, AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.641051378.0000000007127000.00000004.00000800.00020000.00000000.sdmp String found in binary or memory: http://ip-api.com
Source: AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.641034119.0000000007116000.00000004.00000800.00020000.00000000.sdmp String found in binary or memory: http://ip-api.com/line/?fields=hosting
Source: AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.641034119.0000000007116000.00000004.00000800.00020000.00000000.sdmp String found in binary or memory: http://ip-api.com4
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://ocsp.digicert.com0C
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://ocsp.digicert.com0N
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://ocsp.entrust.net02
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://ocsp.entrust.net03
Source: AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.641034119.0000000007116000.00000004.00000800.00020000.00000000.sdmp String found in binary or memory: http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name
Source: AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.640288132.0000000000402000.00000020.00000400.00020000.00000000.sdmp String found in binary or memory: http://www.codeplex.com/DotNetZip
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://www.digicert.com/CPS0
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://www.entrust.net/rpa0
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: http://www.entrust.net/rpa03
Source: AutoInstall.exe String found in binary or memory: https://www.digicert.com/CPS0
Source: unknown DNS traffic detected: queries for: ip-api.com
Source: global traffic HTTP traffic detected: GET /line/?fields=hosting HTTP/1.1Host: ip-api.comConnection: Keep-Alive
Source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000002.379164276.0000000000B1A000.00000004.00000020.00020000.00000000.sdmp Binary or memory string: <HOOK MODULE="DDRAW.DLL" FUNCTION="DirectDrawCreateEx"/>

System Summary

barindex
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: section name: .pyX$d
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: 32BIT_MACHINE, EXECUTABLE_IMAGE, RELOCS_STRIPPED
Source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000002.372821359.000000000010E000.00000004.00000010.00020000.00000000.sdmp Binary or memory string: OriginalFilenameDotNetZip.dll@ vs AutoInstall.exe
Source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000002.372821359.000000000010E000.00000004.00000010.00020000.00000000.sdmp Binary or memory string: OriginalFilenamePennyWise.exe4 vs AutoInstall.exe
Source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000003.372170576.00000000024B2000.00000040.00001000.00020000.00000000.sdmp Binary or memory string: OriginalFilenameDotNetZip.dll@ vs AutoInstall.exe
Source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000003.372170576.00000000024B2000.00000040.00001000.00020000.00000000.sdmp Binary or memory string: OriginalFilenamePennyWise.exe4 vs AutoInstall.exe
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D1478 3_2_055D1478
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D1DA0 3_2_055D1DA0
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055DBF80 3_2_055DBF80
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055DDEE0 3_2_055DDEE0
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055DC850 3_2_055DC850
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D0860 3_2_055D0860
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D0B40 3_2_055D0B40
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D156F 3_2_055D156F
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D20D8 3_2_055D20D8
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055DBC38 3_2_055DBC38
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D1E51 3_2_055D1E51
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D0B7A 3_2_055D0B7A
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D0B30 3_2_055D0B30
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_09D76E50 3_2_09D76E50
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_09D76E40 3_2_09D76E40
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: invalid certificate
Source: AutoInstall.exe Virustotal: Detection: 36%
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Key opened: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Safer\CodeIdentifiers Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Section loaded: C:\Windows\assembly\NativeImages_v4.0.30319_32\mscorlib\a152fe02a317a77aeee36903305e8ba6\mscorlib.ni.dll Jump to behavior
Source: unknown Process created: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe "C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe"
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Process created: C:\Windows\System32\conhost.exe C:\Windows\system32\conhost.exe 0xffffffff -ForceV1
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Process created: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Process created: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Key value queried: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\WOW6432Node\CLSID\{CF4CC405-E2C5-4DDD-B3CE-5E7582D8C9FA}\InprocServer32 Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Mutant created: \Sessions\1\BaseNamedObjects\9D16FBEF0D8A8F87529DE06A1C43C737
Source: C:\Windows\System32\conhost.exe Mutant created: \Sessions\1\BaseNamedObjects\Local\SM0:4876:120:WilError_01
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe WMI Queries: IWbemServices::ExecQuery - root\CIMV2 : SELECT * FROM Win32_Processor
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe WMI Queries: IWbemServices::ExecQuery - root\CIMV2 : SELECT * FROM Win32_Processor
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe File created: C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\8d96007aa6619f065c7ec2509ce5f96d Jump to behavior
Source: classification engine Classification label: mal76.troj.evad.winEXE@4/0@1/1
Source: 1.3.AutoInstall.exe.24b0000.0.unpack, u000fu2001.cs Cryptographic APIs: 'CreateDecryptor'
Source: 3.2.AppLaunch.exe.400000.0.unpack, u000fu2001.cs Cryptographic APIs: 'CreateDecryptor'
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe File read: C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe File read: C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts Jump to behavior
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static file information: File size 4344320 > 1048576
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: Raw size of .iXgHkK is bigger than: 0x100000 < 0x3eae00
Source: Binary string: C:\projects\dotnetzip-semverd\src\Zip\obj\Release\DotNetZip.pdb source: AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000002.372821359.000000000010E000.00000004.00000010.00020000.00000000.sdmp, AutoInstall.exe, 00000001.00000003.372170576.00000000024B2000.00000040.00001000.00020000.00000000.sdmp, AppLaunch.exe, 00000003.00000002.640288132.0000000000402000.00000020.00000400.00020000.00000000.sdmp

Data Obfuscation

barindex
Source: 1.3.AutoInstall.exe.24b0000.0.unpack, u0003u2001.cs .Net Code: \x02 System.Reflection.Assembly System.Reflection.Assembly::Load(System.Byte[])
Source: 3.2.AppLaunch.exe.400000.0.unpack, u0003u2001.cs .Net Code: \x02 System.Reflection.Assembly System.Reflection.Assembly::Load(System.Byte[])
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Code function: 3_2_055D63F2 push D800035Eh; ret 3_2_055D6421
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: section name: .iXgHkK
Source: AutoInstall.exe Static PE information: section name: .pyX$d
Source: initial sample Static PE information: section name: .pyX$d entropy: 7.40228735958
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Registry key monitored for changes: HKEY_CURRENT_USER_Classes Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process information set: NOOPENFILEERRORBOX Jump to behavior

Malware Analysis System Evasion

barindex
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe WMI Queries: IWbemServices::ExecQuery - root\CIMV2 : SELECT * FROM Win32_VideoController
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe WMI Queries: IWbemServices::ExecQuery - root\CIMV2 : SELECT * FROM Win32_VideoController
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe WMI Queries: IWbemServices::ExecQuery - root\CIMV2 : SELECT * FROM Win32_Processor
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe WMI Queries: IWbemServices::ExecQuery - root\CIMV2 : SELECT * FROM Win32_Processor
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Process token adjusted: Debug Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Memory allocated: page read and write | page guard Jump to behavior

HIPS / PFW / Operating System Protection Evasion

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Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Memory written: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe base: 400000 Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Memory written: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe base: F65008 Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Memory allocated: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe base: 400000 protect: page execute and read and write Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Memory written: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe base: 400000 value starts with: 4D5A Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Process created: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Queries volume information: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe VolumeInformation Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Queries volume information: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\assembly\GAC_MSIL\System.Management\v4.0_4.0.0.0__b03f5f7f11d50a3a\System.Management.dll VolumeInformation Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Queries volume information: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\assembly\GAC_MSIL\System.Windows.Forms\v4.0_4.0.0.0__b77a5c561934e089\System.Windows.Forms.dll VolumeInformation Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Queries volume information: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\assembly\GAC_MSIL\System.Drawing\v4.0_4.0.0.0__b03f5f7f11d50a3a\System.Drawing.dll VolumeInformation Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\AppLaunch.exe Key value queried: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography MachineGuid Jump to behavior
Source: C:\Users\user\Desktop\AutoInstall.exe Code function: 1_2_00409C7C GetSystemTimeAsFileTime,GetCurrentThreadId,GetCurrentProcessId,QueryPerformanceCounter, 1_2_00409C7C
  • No. of IPs < 25%
  • 25% < No. of IPs < 50%
  • 50% < No. of IPs < 75%
  • 75% < No. of IPs